SunOS man pages : sendmail (1)
Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
NAME
sendmail - send mail over the internet
SYNOPSIS
/usr/lib/sendmail [ -ba ] [ -bD ] [ -bd ] [ -bi ] [ -bm
] [ -bp ] [ -bs ] [ -bt ] [ -bv ] [ -B type ] [
-C file ] [ -d X ] [ -F fullname ] [ -f name ] [ -G ] [
-h N ] [ -L tag ] [ -M xvalue ] [ -Nnotifications ] [
-n ] [ -Ooption =value ] [ -o xvalue ] [
-p protocol ] [ -q [ time ] ] [ -q Xstring ] [ -R ret
] [ -r name ] [ -t ] [ -U ] [ -V envid ] [ -v ] [
-X logfile ] [ address ... ]
DESCRIPTION
sendmail sends a message to one or more people, routing the
message over whatever networks are necessary. sendmail does
internetwork forwarding as necessary to deliver the message
to the correct place.
sendmail is not intended as a user interface routine; other
programs provide user-friendly front ends. sendmail is used
only to deliver pre-formatted messages.
With no flags, sendmail reads its standard input up to an
EOF, or a line with a single dot, and sends a copy of the
letter found there to all of the addresses listed. It deter-
mines the network to use based on the syntax and contents of
the addresses.
Local addresses are looked up in the local aliases(4) file,
or in a name service as defined by the nsswitch.conf(4)
file, and aliased appropriately. In addition, if there is a
.forward file in a recipient's home directory, sendmail
forwards a copy of each message to the list of recipients
that file contains. Refer to the NOTES section for more
information about .forward files. Aliasing can be prevented
by preceding the address with a backslash. Normally the
sender is not included in alias expansions. For example, if
"john" sends to "group", and "group" includes "john" in the
expansion, then the message will not be delivered to "john".
See the MeToo Processing Option for more information.
There are several conditions under which the expected
behavior is for the alias database to be either built or
rebuilt. It is important to note that this cannot occur
under any circumstances unless root owns and has exclusive
write permission to the /etc/mail/aliases* files.
If a message is found to be undeliverable, it is returned to
the sender with diagnostics that indicate the location and
nature of the failure; or, the message is placed in a
dead.letter file in the sender's home directory.
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Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
OPTIONS
-ba Go into ARPANET mode. All input lines must end with a
RETURN-LINEFEED, and all messages will be generated
with a RETURN-LINEFEED at the end. Also, the From: and
Sender: fields are examined for the name of the
sender.
-bd Run as a daemon in the background, waiting for incom-
ing SMTP connections.
-bD Run as a daemon in the foreground, waiting for incom-
ing SMTP connections.
-bi Initialize the aliases(4) database. Root must own and
have exclusive write permission to the
/etc/mail/aliases* files for successful use of this
option.
-bm Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
-bp Print a summary of the mail queue.
-bs Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC 821. This
flag implies all the operations of the -ba flag that
are compatible with SMTP.
-bt Run in address test mode. This mode reads addresses
and shows the steps in parsing; it is used for debug-
ging configuration tables.
-bv Verify names only; do not try to collect or deliver a
message. Verify mode is normally used for validating
users or mailing lists.
-B type
Indicate body type (7BIT or 8BITMIME).
-C file
Use alternate configuration file.
-d X Set debugging value to X.
-F fullname
Set the full name of the sender.
-G When accepting messages via the command line, indicate
that they are for relay (gateway) submission. When
this flag is set, sendmail might complain about syn-
tactically invalid messages, for example, unqualified
host names, rather than fixing them. sendmail does not
do any canonicalization in this mode.
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-f name
Sets the name of the "from" person (that is, the
sender of the mail).
-h N Set the hop count to N. The hop count is incremented
every time the mail is processed. When it reaches a
limit, the mail is returned with an error message, the
victim of an aliasing loop.
-L tag
Set the identifier used in syslog messages to the sup-
plied tag.
-Mxvalue
Set macro x to the specified value.
-n Do not do aliasing.
-N notifications
Tag all addresses being sent as wanting the indicated
notifications, which consists of the word "NEVER" or a
comma-separated list of "SUCCESS", "FAILURE", and
"DELAY" for successful delivery, failure and a message
that is stuck in a queue somwhere. The default is
"FAILURE,DELAY".
-oxvalue
Set option x to the specified value. Processing
Options are described below.
-Ooption=value
Set option to the specified value (for long from
names). Processing Options are described below.
-p protocol
Set the sending protocol. The protocol field can be in
form protocol:host to set both the sending protocol
and the sending host. For example: -pUUCP:uunet sets
the sending protocol to UUCP and the sending host to
uunet. (Some existing programs use -oM to set the r
and s macros; this is equivalent to using -p).
-q[time]
Process saved messages in the queue at given inter-
vals. If time is omitted, process the queue once.
time is given as a tagged number, with s being
seconds, m being minutes, h being hours, d being days,
and w being weeks. For example, -q1h30m or -q90m would
both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.
-q Xstring
Run the queue once, limiting the jobs to those
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matching Xstring. The key letter X can be:
I to limit based on queue identifier.
R to limit based on recipient.
S to limit based on sender.
A particular queued job is accepted if one of the
corresponding addresses contains the indicated string.
-r name
An alternate and obsolete form of the -f flag.
-R ret
Identify the information you want returned if the mes-
sage bounces; ret can be "HDRS" for headers only or
"FULL" for headers plus body.
-t Read message for recipients. To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines
will be scanned for people to send to. The Bcc: line
will be deleted before transmission. Any addresses in
the argument list will be suppressed. The NoRecipien-
tAction Processing Option can be used to change the
behaviour when no legal recipients are included in the
message.
-U Initial (user) submission. This should always be set
when called from a user agent such as Mail or exmh and
never be set when called by a network delivery agent
such as rmail.
-v Go into verbose mode. Alias expansions will be
announced, and so forth.
-V envid
The indicated envid is passed with the envelope of
the message and returned if the message bounces.
-X logfile
Log all traffic in and out of sendmail in the indi-
cated logfile for debugging mailer problems. This pro-
duces a lot of data very quickly and should be used
sparingly.
Processing Options
There are a number of "random" options that can be set from
a configuration file. Options are represented by a single
character or by multiple character names. The syntax for the
single character names of is:
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Oxvalue
This sets option x to be value. Depending on the option,
value may be a string, an integer, a boolean (with legal
values t, T, f, or F; the default is TRUE), or a time inter-
val.
The multiple character or long names use this syntax:
O Longname=argument
This sets the option Longname to be argument. The long names
are beneficial because they are easier to interpret than the
single character names.
Not all processing options have single character names asso-
ciated with them. In the list below the multiple character
name is presented first followed by the single character
syntax enclosed in parentheses.
AliasFile (Afile)
Specify possible alias file(s).
AliasWait (a N)
If set, wait up to N minutes for an "@:@" entry to
exist in the aliases(4) database before starting up.
If it does not appear in N minutes, rebuild the data-
base (if the AutoRebuildAliases option is also set) or
issue a warning. Defaults to 10 minutes.
AllowBogusHELO
Allow a HELO SMTP command that does not include a host
name. By default this option is disabled.
AutoRebuildAliases (D)
If set, rebuild the /etc/mail/aliases database if
necessary and possible. If this option is not set,
sendmail will never rebuild the aliases database
unless explicitly requested using -bi, or
newaliases(1) is invoked. Note that in order for the
database to be rebuilt, root must own and have
exclusive write permission to the /etc/mail/aliases*
files.
BlankSub (Bc)
Set the blank substitution character to c. Unquoted
spaces in addresses are replaced by this character.
Defaults to SPACE (that is, no change is made).
CheckAliases (n)
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Validate the RHS of aliases when rebuilding the
aliases(4) database.
CheckpointInterval (CN)
Checkpoints the queue every N (default 10) addresses
sent. If your system crashes during delivery to a
large list, this prevents retransmission to any but
the last N recipients.
ClassFactor (zfact)
The indicated factor fact is multiplied by the message
class (determined by the Precedence: field in the user
header and the P lines in the configuration file) and
subtracted from the priority. Thus, messages with a
higher Priority: will be favored. Defaults to 1800.
ClientPortOptions
Set client SMTP options. The options are key=value
pairs. Known keys are:
Addr Address Mask
Address Mask defaults to INADDR_ANY. The address
mask can be a numeric address in dot notation or
a network name.
Family
Address family (defaults to INET).
Listen
Size of listen queue (defaults to 10).
Port Name/number of listening port (defaults to
smtp).
RcvBufSize
The size of the TCP/IP receive buffer.
SndBufSize
The size of the TCP/IP send buffer.
Modifier
Options (flags) for the daemon. Can be:
h Use name of interface for HELO command.
If h is set, the name corresponding to the out-
going interface address (whether chosen by means
of the Connection parameter or the default) is
used for the HELO/EHLO command.
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ColonOkInAddr
If set, colons are treated as a regular character in
addresses. If not set, they are treated as the intro-
ducer to the RFC 822 "group" syntax. This option is on
for version 5 and lower configuration files.
ConnectionCacheSize (kN)
The maximum number of open connections that will be
cached at a time. The default is 1. This delays clos-
ing the current connection until either this invoca-
tion of sendmail needs to connect to another host or
it terminates. Setting it to 0 defaults to the old
behavior, that is, connections are closed immediately.
ConnectionCacheTimeout (Ktimeout)
The maximum amount of time a cached connection will be
permitted to idle without activity. If this time is
exceeded, the connection is immediately closed. This
value should be small (on the order of ten minutes).
Before sendmail uses a cached connection, it always
sends a NOOP (no operation) command to check the con-
nection; if this fails, it reopens the connection.
This keeps your end from failing if the other end
times out. The point of this option is to be a good
network neighbor and avoid using up excessive
resources on the other end. The default is five
minutes.
ConnectionRateThrottle
The maximum number of connections permitted per
second. After this many connections are accepted,
further connections will be delayed. If not set or <=
0, there is no limit.
ControlSocketName
Name of the control socket for daemon management. A
running sendmail daemon can be controlled through this
Unix domain socket. Available commands are: help, res-
tart, shutdown, and status. The status command
returns the current number of daemon children, the
free disk space (in blocks) of the queue directory,
and the load average of the machine expressed as an
integer. If not set, no control socket will be avail-
able. Note: for the sake of security, this Unix
domain socket must be in a directory which is accessi-
ble only by root; /var/spool/mqueue/.smcontrol is
recommended for the socket name.
DaemonPortOptions (Ooptions)
Set server SMTP options. The options are key=value
pairs. Known keys are:
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Name User-definable name for the daemon (defaults to
"Daemon#"); used for error messages and logging.
Addr Address mask (defaults INADDR_ANY)
The address mask may be a numeric address in dot
notation or a network name.
Family
Address family (defaults to INET)
Listen
Size of listen queue (defaults to 10)
Modifier
Options (flags) for the daemon; can be a
sequence (without any delimiters) of:
a Require authentication.
b Bind to interface through which mail has
been received.
c Perform hostname canonification (.cf).
f Require fully qualified hostname (.cf).
h Use name of interface for HELO command.
u Allow unqualified addresses (.cf).
C Do not perform hostname canonification.
E Disallow ETRN (see RFC 2476).
Name User-definable name for the daemon (defaults to
Daemon#); used for error messages and logging.
Port Name/number of listening port (defaults to smtp)
ReceiveSize
The size of the TCP/IP receive buffer.
SendSize
The size of the TCP/IP send buffer.
Note: sendmail will listen on a new socket for each
occurrence of the DaemonPortOptions option in a confi-
guration file.
DataFileBufferSize
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Set the threshold, in bytes, before a memory-bases
queue data file becomes disk-based. The default is
4096 bytes
DeadLetterDrop
Defines the location of the system-wide dead.letter
file, formerly hard-coded to /var/tmp/dead.letter. If
this option is not set (the default), sendmail does
not attempt to save to a system-wide dead.letter file
in the event it cannot bounce the mail to the user or
postmaster. Instead, it renames the qf file as it has
in the past when the dead.letter file could not be
opened.
DefaultCharSet
Set the default character set to use when converting
unlabeled 8 bit input to MIME.
DefaultUser (ggid) or (uuid)
Set the default group ID for mailers to run in to gid
or set the default userid for mailers to uid.
Defaults to 1. The value can also be given as a sym-
bolic group or user name.
DeliveryMode (dx)
Deliver in mode x. Legal modes are:
i Deliver interactively (synchronously).
b Deliver in background (asynchronously).
d Deferred mode - database lookups are deferred
until the actual queue run.
q Just queue the message (deliver during queue
run).
Defaults to b if no option is specified, i if it is
specified but given no argument (that is, Od is
equivalent to Odi).
DialDelay
If a connection fails, wait this many seconds and try
again. Zero means "do not retry".
DontBlameSendmail
If set, override the file safety checks. This comprom-
ises system security and should not be used. See
http://www.sendmail.org/tips/DontBlameSendmail.html
for more information.
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DontExpandCnames
If set, $[ ... $] lookups that do DNS-based lookups do
not expand CNAME records.
DontInitGroups
If set, the initgroups(3C) routine will never be
invoked. If you set this, agents run on behalf of
users will only have their primary (/etc/passwd) group
permissions.
DontProbeInterfaces
If set, sendmail will not insert the names and
addresses of any local interfaces into the $=w class.
If set, you must also include support for these
addresses, otherwise mail to addresses in this list
will bounce with a configuration error.
DontPruneRoutes (R)
If set, do not prune route-addr syntax addresses to
the minimum possible.
DoubleBounceAddress
If an error occurs when sending an error message, send
that "double bounce" error message to this address.
EightBitMode (8)
Use 8-bit data handling. This option requires one of
the following keys. The key can selected by using just
the first character, but using the full word is better
for clarity.
mimify
Do any necessary conversion of 8BITMIME to 7-
bit.
pass Pass unlabeled 8-bit input through as is.
strict
Reject unlabeled 8-bit input.
ErrorHeader (Efile/message)
Append error messages with the indicated message. If
it begins with a slash, it is assumed to be the path-
name of a file containing a message (this is the
recommended setting). Otherwise, it is a literal mes-
sage. The error file might contain the name, email
address, and/or phone number of a local postmaster who
could provide assistance to end users. If the option
is missing or NULL, or if it names a file which does
not exist or which is not readable, no message is
printed.
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ErrorMode (ex)
Dispose of errors using mode x. The values for x are:
e Mail back errors and give 0 exit status always.
m Mail back errors.
p Print error messages (default).
q No messages, just give exit status.
w Write back errors (mail if user not logged in).
FallbackMXhost (Vfallbackhost)
If specified, the fallbackhost acts like a very low
priority MX on every host. This is intended to be used
by sites with poor network connectivity.
ForkEachJob (Y)
If set, deliver each job that is run from the queue in
a separate process. Use this option if you are short
of memory, since the default tends to consume consid-
erable amounts of memory while the queue is being pro-
cessed.
ForwardPath (Jpath)
Set the path for searching for users' .forward files.
The default is $z/.forward. Some sites that use the
automounter may prefer to change this to
/var/forward/$u to search a file with the same name as
the user in a system directory. It can also be set to
a sequence of paths separated by colons; sendmail
stops at the first file it can successfully and safely
open. For example, /var/forward/$u:$z/.forward will
search first in /var/forward/ username and then in
~username/.forward (but only if the first file does
not exist). Refer to the NOTES section for more infor-
mation.
HelpFile (Hfile)
Specify the help file for SMTP.
HoldExpensive (c)
If an outgoing mailer is marked as being expensive,
don't connect immediately.
HostsFile
Set the file to use when doing "file" type access of
host names.
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HostStatusDirectory
If set, host status is kept on disk between sendmail
runs in the named directory tree. If a full path is
not used, then the path is interpreted relative to the
queue directory.
IgnoreDots (i)
Ignore dots in incoming messages. This is always dis-
abled (that is, dots are always accepted) when reading
SMTP mail.
LogLevel (Ln)
Set the default log level to n. Defaults to 9.
(Mxvalue)
Set the macro x to value. This is intended only for
use from the command line.
MatchGECOS (G)
Try to match recipient names using the GECOS field.
This allows for mail to be delivered using names
defined in the GECOS field in /etc/passwd as well as
the login name.
MaxDaemonChildren
The maximum number of children the daemon will permit.
After this number, connections are rejected. If not
set or <=0, there is no limit.
MaxHopCount (hN)
The maximum hop count. Messages that have been pro-
cessed more than N times are assumed to be in a loop
and are rejected. Defaults to 25.
MaxMessageSize
The maximum size of messages that will be accepted (in
bytes).
MaxMimeHeaderLength=M[/N]
Sets the maximum length of certain MIME header field
values to M characters. For some of these headers
which take parameters, the maximum length of each
parameter is set to N if specified. If /N is not
specified, one half of M will be used. By default,
these values are 0, meaning no checks are done.
MaxQueueRunSize
If set, limit the maximum size of any given queue run
to this number of entries. This stops reading the
queue directory after this number of entries is
reached; job priority is not used. If not set, there
is no limit.
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MeToo (M)
Send to me too, even if I am in an alias expansion.
MaxRecipientsPerMessage
If set, allow no more than the specified number of
recipients in an SMTP envelope. Further recipients
receive a 452 error code and are deferred for the next
delivery attempt.
MinFreeBlocks (bN/M)
Insist on at least N blocks free on the file system
that holds the queue files before accepting email via
SMTP. If there is insufficient space, sendmail gives a
452 response to the MAIL command. This invites the
sender to try again later. The optional M is a maximum
message size advertised in the ESMTP EHLO response. It
is currently otherwise unused.
MinQueueAge
The amount of time a job must sit in the queue between
queue runs. This allows you to set the queue run
interval low for better responsiveness without trying
all jobs in each run. The default value is 0.
MustQuoteChars
Characters to be quoted in a full name phrase.
&,;:\()[] are quoted automatically.
NoRecipientAction
Set action if there are no legal recipient files in
the message. The legal values are:
add-apparently-to
Add an Apparently-to: header with all the known
recipients (which may expose blind recipients).
add-bcc
Add an empty Bcc: header.
add-to
Add a To: header with all the known recipients
(which may expose blind recipients).
add-to-undisclosed
Add a To: undisclosed-recipients: header.
none Do nothing, leave the message as it is.
OldStyleHeaders (o)
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Assume that the headers may be in old format, that is,
spaces delimit names. This actually turns on an adap-
tive algorithm: if any recipient address contains a
comma, parenthesis, or angle bracket, it will be
assumed that commas already exist. If this flag is not
on, only commas delimit names. Headers are always out-
put with commas between the names.
OperatorChars or $o
Defines the list of characters that can be used to
separate the components of an address into tokens.
PidFile
Filename of the pid file. The default is
/var/run/sendmail.pid. The filename is macro-expanded
before it is opened.
PostmasterCopy (Ppostmaster)
If set, copies of error messages will be sent to the
named postmaster. Only the header of the failed mes-
sage is sent. Since most errors are user problems,
this is probably not a good idea on large sites, and
arguably contains all sorts of privacy violations, but
it seems to be popular with certain operating systems
vendors.
PrivacyOptions (popt,opt,...)
Set privacy options. Privacy is really a misnomer;
many of these are just a way of insisting on stricter
adherence to the SMTP protocol.
The goaway pseudo-flag sets all flags except res-
trictmailq and restrictqrun. If mailq is restricted,
only people in the same group as the queue directory
can print the queue. If queue runs are restricted,
only root and the owner of the queue directory can run
the queue. authwarnings add warnings about various
conditions that may indicate attempts to spoof the
mail system, such as using a non-standard queue direc-
tory.
The options can be selected from:
authwarnings
Put X-Authentication-Warning: headers in mes-
sages.
goaway
Disallow essentially all SMTP status queries.
needexpnhelo
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Insist on HELO or EHLO command before EXPN.
needmailhelo
Insist on HELO or EHLO command before MAIL.
needvrfyhelo
Insist on HELO or EHLO command before VRFY.
noetrn
Disallow ETRN entirely.
noexpn
Disallow EXPN entirely.
noreceipts
Prevent return receipts.
nobodyreturn
Do not return the body of a message with DSNs.
novrfy
Disallow VRFY entirely.
public
Allow open access.
restrictmailq
Restrict mailq command.
restrictqrun
Restrict -q command line flag.
ProcessTitlePrefix string
Prefix the process title shown on "/usr/ucb/ps auxww"
listings with string. The string will be macro pro-
cessed.
QueueDirectory (Qdir)
Use the named dir as the queue directory.
QueueFactor (qfactor)
Use factor as the multiplier in the map function to
decide when to just queue up jobs rather than run
them. This value is divided by the difference between
the current load average and the load average limit
(xflag) to determine the maximum message priority that
will be sent. Defaults to 600000.
QueueLA (xLA)
When the system load average exceeds LA, just queue
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messages (that is, do not try to send them). Defaults
to eight times the number of processors online when
sendmail starts.
QueueSortOrder
Select the queue sort algorithm. The default value is
Priority. Other values are Host, Time, or Filename.
QueueTimeout (Trtime/wtime)
Set the queue timeout to rtime. After this interval,
messages that have not been successfully sent will be
returned to the sender. Defaults to five days (5d).
The optional wtime is the time after which a warning
message is sent. If it is missing or 0, then no warn-
ing messages are sent.
RecipientFactor (yfact)
The indicated factor fact is added to the priority
(thus lowering the priority of the job) for each reci-
pient, that is, this value penalizes jobs with large
numbers of recipients. Defaults to 30000.
RefuseLA (XLA)
When the system load average exceeds LA, refuse incom-
ing SMTP connections. Defaults to 12 times the number
of processors online when sendmail starts.
RemoteMode (>[RemoteMboxHost])
If RemoteMboxHost is specified, then remote-mode is
enabled using this host. If RemoteMboxHost is not
specified, and if /var/mail is remotely mounted, then
remote-mode is enabled using the remote mount host.
If RemoteMboxHost is not specified and /var/mail is
locally mounted, then remote-mode is disabled.
When remote-mode is enabled, all outgoing messages are
sent through that server.
ResolverOptions (I)
Tune DNS lookups.
RetryFactor (Zfact)
The indicated factor fact is added to the priority
every time a job is processed. Thus, each time a job
is processed, its priority will be decreased by the
indicated value. In most environments this should be
positive, since hosts that are down are all too often
down for a long time. Defaults to 90000.
RrtImpliesDsn
If this option is set, a "Return-Receipt-To:" header
causes the request of a DSN, which is sent to the
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envelope sender as required by RFC 1891, not to the
address given in the header.
RunAsUser
If set, become this user when reading and delivering
mail. Intended for use of firewalls where users do not
have accounts.
SafeFileEnvironment
If set, sendmail will do a chroot into this directory
before writing files.
SaveFromLine (f)
Save Unix-style From lines at the front of headers.
Normally they are assumed redundant and discarded.
SendMimeErrors (j)
If set, send error messages in MIME format (see RFC
2045 and RFC 1344 for details). If disabled, sendmail
does not return the DSN keyword in response to an EHLO
and does not do Delivery Status Notification process-
ing as described in RFC 1891.
ServiceSwitchFile
Defines the path to the service-switch file. Since the
service-switch file is defined in the Solaris operat-
ing environment this option is ignored.
SevenBitInput (7)
Strip input to seven bits for compatibility with old
systems. This should not be necessary.
SingleLineFromHeader
If set, From: lines that have embedded newlines are
unwrapped onto one line.
SingleThreadDelivery
If this option and the HostStatusDirectory option are
both set, use single thread deliveries to other hosts.
SmtpGreetingMessage or $e
The initial SMTP greeting message.
StatusFile (Sfile)
Log statistics in the named file.
SuperSafe (s)
Be super-safe when running things, that is, always
instantiate the queue file, even if you are going to
attempt immediate delivery. sendmail always instan-
tiates the queue file before returning control to the
client under any circumstances.
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Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
TempFileMode (Fmode)
The file mode for queue files.
Timeout (rtimeouts)
Timeout reads after time interval. The timeouts argu-
ment is a list of keyword=value pairs. All but command
apply to client SMTP. For backward compatibility, a
timeout with no keyword= part will set all of the
longer values. The recognized timeouts and their
default values, and their minimum values specified in
RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are:
command
command read [1h, 5m]
connect
initial connect [0, unspecified]
control
complete control socket transaction [2m, none]
datablock
data block read [1h, 3m]
datafinal
reply to final ``.'' in data [1h, 10m]
datainit
reply to DATA command [5m, 2m]
fileopen
file open [60sec, none]
helo reply to HELO or EHLO command [5m, none]
hoststatus
host retry [30m, unspecified]
iconnect
first attempt to connect to a host [0, unspeci-
fied]
ident IDENT protocol timeout [30s, none]
initial
wait for initial greeting message [5m, 5m]
mail reply to MAIL command [10m, 5m]
misc reply to NOOP and VERB commands [2m, none]
queuereturn
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Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
undeliverable message returned [5d]
queuewarn
deferred warning [4h]
quit reply to QUIT command [2m, none]
rcpt reply to RCPT command [1h, 5m]
resolver.retrans
Resolver's retransmission time interval (in
seconds) [varies]. Sets both
Timeout.resolver.retrans.first and
Timeout.resolver.retrans.normal.
resolver.retrans.first
Resolver's retransmission time interval (in
seconds) for the first attempt to deliver a mes-
sage [varies].
resolver.retrans.normal
Resolver's retransmission time interval (in
seconds) for all look-ups except the first
delivery attempt [varies].
resolver.retry
Number of times to retransmit a resolver query
[varies]. Sets both
Timeout.resolver.retry.first and
Timeout.resolver.retry.normal.
resolver.retry.first
Number of times to retransmit a resolver query
for the first attempt to deliver a message
[varies].
resolver.retry.normal
Number of times to retransmit a resolver query
for all look-ups except the first delivery
attempt [varies].
rset reply to RSET command [5m, none]
TimeZoneSpec (ttzinfo)
Set the local time zone info to tzinfo, for example,
"PST8PDT ". Actually, if this is not set, the TZ
environment variable is cleared (so the system default
is used); if set but null, the user's TZ variable is
used, and if set and non-null, the TZ variable is set
SunOS 5.8 Last change: 31 May 2000 19
Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
to this value.
TrustedUser
The user parameter can be a user name (looked up in
the passwd map) or a numeric user id. Trusted user for
file ownership and starting the daemon. If set, gen-
erated alias databases and the control socket (if con-
figured) are automatically owned by this user.
TryNullMXList (w)
If you are the "best" (that is, lowest preference) MX
for a given host, you should normally detect this
situation and treat that condition specially, by for-
warding the mail to a UUCP feed, treating it as local,
or whatever. However, in some cases (such as Internet
firewalls) you may want to try to connect directly to
that host as though it had no MX records at all. Set-
ting this option causes sendmail to try this. The
downside is that errors in your configuration are
likely to be diagnosed as "host unknown" or "message
timed out" instead of something more meaningful. This
option is deprecated.
UnixFromLine or $l
The "From " line used when sending to files or pro-
grams.
UnsafeGroupWrites
If set, group-writable :include: and .forward files
are considered "unsafe", that is, programs and files
cannot be directly referenced from such files.
UseErrorsTo (l)
If there is an Errors-To: header, send error messages
to the addresses listed there. They normally go to the
envelope sender. Use of this option causes sendmail
to violate RFC 1123.
UserDatabaseSpec (U)
Defines the name and location of the file containing
User Database information.
Verbose (v)
Run in verbose mode. If this is set, sendmail adjusts
the HoldExpensive and DeliveryMode options so that all
mail is delivered completely in a single job so that
you can see the entire delivery process. The Verbose
option should never be set in the configuration file;
it is intended for command line use only.
XscriptFileBufferSize
Set the threshold, in bytes, before a memory-bases
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Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
queue transcript file becomes disk-based. The default
is 4096 bytes.
All options can be specified on the command line using the
-oflag, but most will cause sendmail to relinquish its
setuid permissions. The options that will not cause this are
b, d, e, E, i, L, m, o, p, r, s, v, C, and 7. Also con-
sidered "safe" is M (define macro) when defining the r or s
macros.
If the first character of the user name is a vertical bar,
the rest of the user name is used as the name of a program
to pipe the mail to. It may be necessary to quote the name
of the user to keep sendmail from suppressing the blanks
from between arguments.
If invoked as newaliases, sendmail rebuilds the alias data-
base, so long as the /etc/mail/aliases* files are owned by
root and root has exclusive write permission. If invoked as
mailq, sendmail prints the contents of the mail queue.
OPERANDS
address
address of an intended recipient of the message being
sent.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of
sendmail when encountering files greater than or equal to 2
Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).
EXIT STATUS
sendmail returns an exit status describing what it did. The
codes are defined in /usr/include/sysexits.h.
EX_OK Successful completion on all addresses.
EX_NOUSER
User name not recognized.
EX_UNAVAILABLE
Catchall. Necessary resources were not available.
EX_SYNTAX
Syntax error in address.
EX_SOFTWARE
Internal software error, including bad arguments.
EX_OSERR
Temporary operating system error, such as "cannot
fork".
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Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
EX_NOHOST
Host name not recognized.
EX_TEMPFAIL
Message could not be sent immediately, but was queued.
FILES
dead.letter
unmailable text
/etc/mail/aliases
mail aliases file (ASCII)
/etc/mail/aliases.dir
database of mail aliases (binary)
/etc/mail/aliases.pag
database of mail aliases (binary)
/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
defines environment for sendmail
/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
defines environment for sendmail
/var/spool/mqueue/*
temp files and queued mail
~/.forward
list of recipients for forwarding messages
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWsndmu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
biff(1B), mail(1), mailx(1), newaliases(1), checkhostname(1M)
, check-permissions(1M), getusershell(3C),
resolver(3RESOLV), aliases(4), hosts(4), shells(4), attributes(5)
, largefile(5)
Postel, Jon, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, RFC 821, Network
Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif.,
August 1982.
SunOS 5.8 Last change: 31 May 2000 22
Maintenance Commands sendmail(1M)
Crocker, Dave, Standard for the Format of ARPA-Internet Text
Messages, RFC 822, Network Information Center, SRI Interna-
tional, Menlo Park, Calif., August 1982.
Costales, Bryan with Eric Allman, sendmail, Second Edition,
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1997.
NOTES
The sendmail program requires a fully qualified host name
when starting. A script has been included to help verify if
the host name is defined properly (see check-hostname(1M)).
The permissions and the ownership of several directories
have been changed in order to increase security. In particu-
lar, access to /etc/mail and /var/spool/mqueue has been res-
tricted.
Security restrictions have been placed users using .forward
files to pipe mail to a program or redirect mail to a file.
The default shell (as listed in /etc/passwd) of these users
must be listed in /etc/shells. This restriction does not
affect mail that is being redirected to another alias.
Additional restrictions have been put in place on .forward
and :include: files. These files and the directory structure
that they are placed in cannot be group- or world-writable
(seecheck-permissions(1M)).
If you have interfaces that map to domains that have MX
records that point to non-local destinations, you might
need to enable the DontProbeInterfaces option to enable
delivery to those destinations. In its default startup
behavior, sendmail probes each interface and adds an
interface's IP address(es), as well as any domains that
those addresses map to, to its list of domains that are con-
sidered local. For domains thus added, being on the list of
local domains is equivalent to having a 0-preference MX
record, with localhost as the MX value. If this is not the
result you want, enable DontProbeInterfaces.
SunOS 5.8 Last change: 31 May 2000 23
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