Name

networking - introduction to networking facilities

Synopsis

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#include <net/if.h>

Description

This section is a general introduction to the networking facilities available in the system. Documentation in this part of section 4 is broken up into three areas: protocol families (domains), protocols, and network interfaces.

All network protocols are associated with a specific protocol family. A protocol family provides basic services to the protocol implementation to allow it to function within a specific network environment. These services may include packet fragmentation and reassembly, routing, addressing, and basic transport. A protocol family may support multiple methods of addressing, though the current protocol implementations do not. A protocol family is normally comprised of a number of protocols, one per socket(2) type. It is not required that a protocol family support all socket types. A protocol family may contain multiple protocols supporting the same socket abstraction.

A protocol supports one of the socket abstractions detailed in socket(2) . A specific protocol may be accessed either by creating a socket of the appropriate type and protocol family, or by requesting the protocol explicitly when creating a socket. Protocols normally accept only one type of address format, usually determined by the addressing structure inherent in the design of the protocol family/network architecture. Certain semantics of the basic socket abstractions are protocol specific. All protocols are expected to support the basic model for their particular socket type, but may, in addition, provide non-standard facilities or extensions to a mechanism. For example, a protocol supporting the SOCK_STREAM abstraction may allow more than one byte of out-of-band data to be transmitted per out-of-band message.

A network interface is similar to a device interface. Network interfaces comprise the lowest layer of the networking subsystem, interacting with the actual transport hardware. An interface may support one or more protocol families and/or address formats. The SYNOPSIS section of each network interface entry gives a sample specification of the related drivers for use in providing a system description to the config(8) program. The DIAGNOSTICS section lists messages which may appear on the console and/or in the system error log, /var/log/messages (see syslogd(8) ), due to errors in device operation.

Protocols

The system currently supports the Internet protocols, the Xerox Network Systems(tm) protocols, and some of the ISO OSI protocols. Raw socket interfaces are provided to the IP protocol layer of the Internet, and to the IDP protocol of Xerox NS. Consult the appropriate manual pages in this section for more information regarding the support for each protocol family.

Addressing

Associated with each protocol family is an address format. All network address adhere to a general structure, called a sockaddr, described below. However, each protocol imposes finer and more specific structure, generally renaming the variant, which is discussed in the protocol family manual page alluded to above.

struct sockaddr {
u_char sa_len;
u_char sa_family;

char

sa_data[14]; };

The field sa_len contains the total length of the of the structure, which may exceed 16 bytes. The following address values for sa_family are known to the system (and additional formats are defined for possible future implementation):

#define AF_UNIX 1 /* local to host (pipes) */ #define AF_INET 2 /* internetwork: UDP, TCP, etc. */ #define AF_NS 6 /* Xerox NS protocols */

#define

AF_CCITT 10 /* CCITT protocols, X.25 etc */

#define

AF_HYLINK 15 /* NSC Hyperchannel */ #define AF_ISO 18 /* ISO protocols */

Routing

Mac OS X provides some packet routing facilities. The kernel maintains a routing information database, which is used in selecting the appropriate network interface when transmitting packets.

A user process (or possibly multiple co-operating processes) maintains this database by sending messages over a special kind of socket. This supplants fixed size ioctl(2) used in earlier releases.

This facility is described in route(4) .

Interfaces

Each network interface in a system corresponds to a path through which messages may be sent and received. A network interface usually has a hardware device associated with it, though certain interfaces such as the loopback interface, lo(4) , do not.

The following ioctl calls may be used to manipulate network interfaces. The ioctl is made on a socket (typically of type SOCK_DGRAM) in the desired domain. Most of the requests supported in earlier releases take an ifreq structure as its parameter. This structure has the form

struct ifreq {
#define IFNAMSIZ 16
char ifr_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g.
en0 */ union {

struct

sockaddr ifru_addr;

struct

sockaddr ifru_dstaddr;

struct

sockaddr ifru_broadaddr;

short

ifru_flags;

int

ifru_metric; caddr_t ifru_data; } ifr_ifru;

#define ifr_addr

ifr_ifru.ifru_addr /* address */

#define ifr_dstaddr

ifr_ifru.ifru_dstaddr /* other end of p-to-p link */ #define ifr_broadaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_broadaddr /* broadcast address */

#define ifr_flags

ifr_ifru.ifru_flags /* flags */

#define ifr_metric

ifr_ifru.ifru_metric /* metric */

#define ifr_data

ifr_ifru.ifru_data /* for use by interface */ };

Calls which are now deprecated are:

SIOCSIFADDR

Set interface address for protocol family. Following the address assignment, the ``initialization'' routine for the interface is called.

SIOCSIFDSTADDR Set point to point address for protocol family and interface.

SIOCSIFBRDADDR Set broadcast address for protocol family and interface.

Ioctl requests to obtain addresses and requests both to set and retrieve other data are still fully supported and use the ifreq structure:

SIOCGIFADDR

Get interface address for protocol family.

SIOCGIFDSTADDR Get point to point address for protocol family and interface.

SIOCGIFBRDADDR Get broadcast address for protocol family and interface.

SIOCSIFFLAGS

Set interface flags field. If the interface is marked down, any processes currently routing packets through the interface are notified; some interfaces may be reset so that incoming packets are no longer received. When marked up again, the interface is reinitialized.

SIOCGIFFLAGS

Get interface flags.

SIOCSIFMETRIC Set interface routing metric. The metric is used only by user-level routers.

SIOCGIFMETRIC

Get interface metric.

There are two requests that make use of a new structure:

SIOCAIFADDR

An interface may have more than one address associated with it in some protocols. This request provides a means to add additional addresses (or modify characteristics of the primary address if the default address for the address family is specified). Rather than making separate calls to set destination or broadcast addresses, or network masks (now an integral feature of multiple protocols) a separate structure is used to specify all three facets simultaneously (see below). One would use a slightly tailored version of this struct specific to each family (replacing each sockaddr by one of the family-specific type). Where the sockaddr itself is larger than the default size, one needs to modify the ioctl identifier itself to include the total size, as described in ioctl.

SIOCDIFADDR

This requests deletes the specified address from the list associated with an interface. It also uses the if_aliasreq structure to allow for the possibility of protocols allowing multiple masks or destination addresses, and also adopts the convention that specification of the default address means to delete the first address for the interface belonging to the address family in which the original socket was opened.

SIOCGIFCONF

Get interface configuration list. This request takes an ifconf structure (see below) as a value-result parameter. The ifc_len field should be initially set to the size of the buffer pointed to by ifc_buf. On return it will contain the length, in bytes, of the configuration list.

/*

* Structure used in SIOCAIFADDR request. */ struct ifaliasreq {

char

ifra_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g.
en0 */ struct sockaddr ifra_addr; struct sockaddr ifra_broadaddr; struct sockaddr ifra_mask; };

/*

* Structure used in SIOCGIFCONF request. * Used to retrieve interface configuration * for machine (useful for programs which * must know all networks accessible). */ struct ifconf { int ifc_len; /* size of associated buffer */ union {

caddr_t

ifcu_buf;

struct

ifreq *ifcu_req; } ifc_ifcu; #define ifc_buf ifc_ifcu.ifcu_buf /* buffer address */ #define ifc_req ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req /* array of structures returned */ };

See Also

socket(2) , ioctl(2) , intro(4) , config(8) , routed(8)

History

The netintro manual appeared in 4.3BSD-Tahoe.

Table of Contents

• Name
• Synopsis
• Description
• Protocols
• Addressing
• Routing
• Interfaces
• See Also
• History